Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Household Overcrowding in Iran, a Low-middle-income Country: How Major of a Public Health Concern Is It?: Leila Jansar Hosseini, Ali Hussein Samadi, Abraha Woldemichael, Masoumeh Najaf Gharebelagh, Satar Rezaei, Enayatollah Homaie Rad; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):73-80. Published online January 11, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.568

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Objectives
Household overcrowding (HC) can contribute to both physical and mental disorders among the members of overcrowded households. This study aimed to measure the status of HC and its main determinants across the provinces of Iran.
Methods
Data from 39 864 households from the 2016 Iranian Household Income and Expenditures Survey were used in this study. The Equivalized Crowding Index (ECI) and HC index were applied to measure the overcrowding of households. Regression models were estimated to show the relationships between different variables and the ECI.
Results
The overall, urban, and rural prevalence of HC was 8.2%, 6.3%, and 10.1%, respectively. The highest prevalence of HC was found in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (28.7%), while the lowest was found in Guilan Province (1.8%). The number of men in the household, rural residency, the average age of household members, yearly income, and the household wealth index were identified as the main determinants of the ECI and HC.
Conclusions
The study demonstrated that the ECI and HC were higher in regions near the borders of Iran than in other regions. Therefore, health promotion and empowerment strategies are required to avoid the negative consequences of HC, and screening programs are needed to identify at-risk families.

Summary

Citations

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Social determinants of health and diabetes: Results from a cohort study in Iran
SeyedJalal Hashemi, Mehrnoosh Jasemzadeh, Nader Saki, Bahman Cheraghian, Sara Sarvandian, Ali Montazeri, Maedeh Raeisizadeh, Marzieh Araban
Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior.2023; 6(2): 86. CrossRef
Inadequate housing and pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review
Ju-Yeun Lee, Namhee Kwon, Ga-yeon Goo, Sung-il Cho
BMC Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Measuring and decomposing socioeconomic inequality in catastrophic healthcare expenditures in Iran: Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Hajizadeh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(4):214-223. Published online June 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.046

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Equity in financial protection against healthcare expenditures is one the primary functions of health systems worldwide. This study aimed to quantify socioeconomic inequality in facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures (CHE) and to identify the main factors contributing to socioeconomic inequality in CHE in Iran.
Methods
A total of 37 860 households were drawn from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey, conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran in 2017. The prevalence of CHE was measured using a cut-off of spending at least 40% of the capacity to pay on healthcare services. The concentration curve and concentration index (C) were used to illustrate and measure the extent of socioeconomic inequality in CHE among Iranian households. The C was decomposed to identify the main factors explaining the observed socioeconomic inequality in CHE in Iran.
Results
The prevalence of CHE among Iranian households in 2017 was 5.26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.04 to 5.49). The value of C was -0.17 (95% CI, -0.19 to -0.13), suggesting that CHE was mainly concentrated among socioeconomically disadvantaged households in Iran. The decomposition analysis highlighted the household wealth index as explaining 71.7% of the concentration of CHE among the poor in Iran.
Conclusions
This study revealed that CHE is disproportionately concentrated among poor households in Iran. Health policies to reduce socioeconomic inequality in facing CHE in Iran should focus on socioeconomically disadvantaged households.

Summary

Citations

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Prevalence and Determinants of Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditures in Iran From 2013 to 2019
Abdoreza mousavi, Farhad lotfi, Samira Alipour, Aliakbar Fazaeli, Mohsen Bayati
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(1): 65. CrossRef
Examining the level and distribution of catastrophic health expenditure from 2013 to 2018: A province-level study in China
Mingsheng Chen, Lizheng Xu, Lei Si, Zhonghua Wang, Stephen Jan
Economic Modelling.2023; 121: 106233. CrossRef
Equity and extent of financial risk protection indicators during COVID-19 pandemic in rural part of Tamil Nadu, India
Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Sathish Rajaa, Isha Sinha, Murali Krishnan, Gerald Samuel, Krishna Kanth
Heliyon.2023; 9(8): e18902. CrossRef
Catastrophic household expenditure associated with out-of-pocket payments for dental healthcare in Spain
Samuel López-López, Raúl del Pozo-Rubio, Marta Ortega-Ortega, Francisco Escribano-Sotos
The European Journal of Health Economics.2022; 23(7): 1187. CrossRef
User fee removal for the poor: a qualitative study to explore policies for social health assistance in Iran
Manal Etemadi, Mohammad Hajizadeh
BMC Health Services Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A 25-Year Trend of Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Its Inequality in China: Evidence from Longitudinal Data
Yongjian Xu, Yiting Zhou, Andi Pramono, Yazhuo Liu, Cong Jia
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2022; Volume 15: 969. CrossRef
Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in the Adult Population: A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study in Northwest Iran
Farhad Pourfarzi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(3): 297. CrossRef
Financial risk protection from out-of-pocket health spending in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the literature
Taslima Rahman, Dominic Gasbarro, Khurshid Alam
Health Research Policy and Systems.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Incidence of catastrophic healthcare expenditure and its main determinants in Mexican households caring for a person with a mental disorder
Lina Diaz-Castro, Héctor Cabello-Rangel, Carlos Pineda-Antúnez, Alejandra Pérez de León
Global Mental Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Unmet dental care need in West of Iran: determinants and inequality
Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Farman Zahir Abdullah, Hossein Safari, Satar Rezaei, Abdorrahim Afkhamzadeh, Shina Amirhosseini, Afshin Shadi, Jamal Mahmoudpour, Bakhtiar Piroozi
International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2021; 14(5): 426. CrossRef
The impact of out-of pocket payments of households for dental healthcare services on catastrophic healthcare expenditure in Iran
Abraha Woldemichael, Satar Rezaei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Shahin Soltani, Abbas Aghaei
BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Measuring Out-of-pocket Payment, Catastrophic Health Expenditure and the Related Socioeconomic Inequality in Peru: A Comparison Between 2008 and 2017
Akram Hernández-Vásquez, Carlos Rojas-Roque, Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández, Diego Rosselli
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2020; 53(4): 266. CrossRef
Incidence and Intensity of Catastrophic Health-care Expenditure for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Care in Iran: Determinants and Inequality

Bakhtiar Piroozi, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Ghobad Moradi, Hossein Safari, Shahnaz Ghafoori, Yadolah Zarezade, Farzam Bidarpour, Satar Rezaei
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 2865. CrossRef
Trend and status of out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in Iran: equity and catastrophic effect
Satar Rezaei, Abraha Woldemichael, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Sina Ahmadi
Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Catastrophic Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Among Rural Households in the Semi-Pastoral Community, Western Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Debelo Shikuro, Mezgebu Yitayal, Adane Kebede, Ayal Debie
ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research.2020; Volume 12: 761. CrossRef

Measuring and Decomposing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Adult Obesity in Western Iran: Farid Najafi, Yahya Pasdar, Behrooz Hamzeh, Satar Rezaei, Mehdi Moradi Nazar, Moslem Soofi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(6):289-297. Published online October 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.062

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176 Download
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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Obesity is a considerable and growing public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in adult obesity in western Iran.
Methods
A total of 10 086 participants, aged 35-65 years, from the Ravansar Non-communicable Disease Cohort Study (2014-2016) were included in the study to examine socioeconomic inequalities in obesity. We defined obesity as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 . The concentration index and concentration curve were used to illustrate and measure wealth-related inequality in obesity. Additionally, we decomposed the concentration index to identify factors that explained wealth-related inequality in obesity.
Results
Overall, the prevalence of obesity in the total sample was 26.7%. The concentration index of obesity was 0.04; indicating that obesity was more concentrated among the rich (p<0.001). Decomposition analysis indicated that wealth, place of residence, and marital status were the main contributors to the observed inequality in obesity.
Conclusions
Socioeconomic-related inequalities in obesity among adults warrant more attention. Policies should be designed to reduce both the prevalence of obesity and inequalities in obesity by focusing on those with higher socioeconomic status, urban residents, and married individuals.

Summary

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Worse becomes the worst: obesity inequality, its determinants and policy options in Iran
Fatemeh Toorang, Parisa Amiri, Abolghassem Djazayery, Hamed Pouraram, Amirhossein Takian
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Socioeconomic inequality and urban-rural disparity of antenatal care visits in Bangladesh: A trend and decomposition analysis
Biplab Biswas, Nishith Kumar, Md. Matiur Rahaman, Sukanta Das, Md. Aminul Hoque, Benojir Ahammed
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(3): e0301106. CrossRef
Measurement and Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the RaNCD Cohort Study in the West of Iran
Moslem Soofi, Farid Najafi, Shahin Soltani, Behzad Karamimatin
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(1): 50. CrossRef
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Behnaz Abiri, Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi, Shirin Amini, Mojtaba Akbari, Farhad Hosseinpanah, Seyed Ataollah Madinehzad, Mahdi Hejazi, Amirreza Pouladi Rishehri, Alvand Naserghandi, Majid Valizadeh
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of a pro-inflammatory diet with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: results from the Ravansar non-communicable diseases cohort study
Samira Arbabi Jam, Shahab Rezaeian, Farid Najafi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Ebrahim Shakiba, Mehdi Moradinazar, Mitra Darbandi, Fatemeh Hichi, Sareh Eghtesad, Yahya Pasdar
Archives of Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in the Adult Population: A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study in Northwest Iran
Farhad Pourfarzi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian
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The socio-economic inequality in body mass index: a PERSIAN cohort-based cross-sectional study on 20,000 Iranian adults
Farhad Pourfarzi, Satar Rezaei, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian, Foad Dibazar
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing the income-related inequality in obesity among the elderly in China: A decomposition analysis
Jinpeng Xu, Guomei Tian, Ting Zhang, Hongyu Zhang, Jian Liu, Qi Shi, Jiale Sun, Haixin Wang, Bokai Zhang, Qunhong Wu, Zheng Kang
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Shahin Soltani, Marzieh Mohammadi Moghadam, Shiva Amani, Shahram Akbari, Amir Shiani, Moslem Soofi
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Establishing hematological reference intervals in healthy adults: Ravansar non‐communicable disease cohort study, Iran
Mehdi Moradinazar, Farid Najafi, Yahya Pasdar, Behrooz Hamzeh, Ebrahim Shakiba, Mary Kathryn Bohn, Khosrow Adeli, Zohreh Rahimi
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Socioeconomic - related inequalities in overweight and obesity: findings from the PERSIAN cohort study
Farid Najafi, Shahin Soltani, Behzad Karami Matin, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Satar Rezaei, Moslem Soofi, Yahya Salimi, Mehdi Moradinazar, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Loghman Barzegar, Yahya Pasdar, Behrooz Hamzeh, Ali Akbar Haghdoost, Reza Malekzadeh, Hossein Poustchi,
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Gustavo Cediel, Eliana Perez, Diego Gaitán, Olga L Sarmiento, Laura Gonzalez
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Lívia Madeira Triaca, Anderson Moreira Aristides dos Santos, Cesar Augusto Oviedo Tejada
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What Explains Socioeconomic Inequality in Health-related Quality of Life in Iran? A Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition: Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Yahya Salimi, Ghobad Moradi, Bijan Nouri; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(5):219-226. Published online August 7, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.012

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to explain the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) gap between the poorest and the wealthiest quintiles in the capitals of Kermanshah and Kurdistan Provinces (Kermanshah and Sanandaj), in western Iran.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 1772 adults. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status (SES), lifestyle factors, body mass index, and HRQoL of participants were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The slope and relative indices of inequality (SII and RII, respectively) were employed to examine socioeconomic inequality in poor HRQoL. Blinder-Oaxaca (BO) decomposition was used to quantify the contribution of explanatory variables to the gap in the prevalence of poor HRQoL between the wealthiest and the poorest groups.
Results
The overall crude and age-adjusted prevalence of poor HRQoL among adults was 32.0 and 41.8%, respectively. The SII and RII indicated that poor HRQoL was mainly concentrated among individuals with lower SES. The absolute difference (%) in the prevalence of poor HRQoL between the highest and lowest SES groups was 28.4. The BO results indicated that 49.9% of the difference was explained by different distributions of age, smoking behavior, physical inactivity, chronic health conditions, and obesity between the highest and lowest SES groups, while the remaining half of the gap was explained by the response effect.
Conclusions
We observed a pro-rich distribution of poor HRQoL among adults in the capitals of Kermanshah and Kurdistan Provinces. Policies and strategies aimed at preventing and reducing smoking, physical inactivity, chronic health conditions, and obesity among the poor may reduce the gap in poor HRQoL between the highest and lowest SES groups in Iran.

Summary

Citations

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Health-related quality of life variation by socioeconomic status: Evidence from an Iranian population-based study
Sulmaz Ghahramani, Maryam Hadipour, Payam Peymani, Sahar Ghahramani, KamranB Lankarani
Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2023; 12(1): 287. CrossRef
What explains the large disparity in child stunting in the Philippines? A decomposition analysis
Valerie Gilbert T Ulep, Jhanna Uy, Lyle Daryll Casas
Public Health Nutrition.2022; 25(11): 2995. CrossRef
Health-related quality of life by household income in Chile: a concentration index decomposition analysis
Rodrigo Severino, Manuel Espinoza, Báltica Cabieses
International Journal for Equity in Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Effects of Iranian Economic Reforms on Equity in Social and Healthcare Financing: A Segmented Regression Analysis: Hamed Zandian, Amirhossein Takian, Arash Rashidian, Mohsen Bayati, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Satar Rezaei, Alireza Olyaeemanesh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(2):83-91. Published online February 6, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.050

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199 Download
11 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Objectives
One of the main objectives of the Targeted Subsidies Law (TSL) in Iran was to improve equity in healthcare financing. This study aimed at measuring the effects of the TSL, which was implemented in Iran in 2010, on equity in healthcare financing. Methods: Segmented regression analysis was applied to assess the effects of TSL implementation on the Gini and Kakwani indices of outcome variables in Iranian households. Data for the years 1977-2014 were retrieved from formal databases. Changes in the levels and trends of the outcome variables before and after TSL implementation were assessed using Stata version 13. Results: In the 33 years before the implementation of the TSL, the Gini index decreased from 0.401 to 0.381. The Gini index and its intercept significantly decreased to 0.362 (p<0.001) 5 years after the implementation of the TSL. There was no statistically significant change in the gross domestic product or inflation rate after TSL implementation. The Kakwani index significantly increased from -0.020 to 0.007 (p<0.001) before the implementation of the TSL, while we observed no statistically significant change (p=0.81) in the Kakwani index after TSL implementation. Conclusions: The TSL reform, which was introduced as part of an economic development plan in Iran in 2010, led to a significant reduction in households’ income inequality. However, the TSL did not significantly affect equity in healthcare financing. Hence, while measuring the long-term impact of TSL is paramount, healthcare decision-makers need to consider the efficacy of the TSL in order to develop plans for achieving the desired equity in healthcare financing.

Summary

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Prevalence and Determinants of Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditures in Iran From 2013 to 2019
Abdoreza mousavi, Farhad lotfi, Samira Alipour, Aliakbar Fazaeli, Mohsen Bayati
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(1): 65. CrossRef
Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in the Adult Population: A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study in Northwest Iran
Farhad Pourfarzi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(3): 297. CrossRef
Inequality in Private Health Care Expenditures: A 36-Year Trend Study of Iranian Households
Ehsan Aghapour, Mehdi Basakha, Seyed Hossein Mohaqeqi Kamal, Abolghasem Pourreza
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(4): 379. CrossRef
Establishing optimal illuminance for pedestrian reassurance using segmented regression
BA Portnov, S Fotios, R Saad, D Kliger
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Socio-economic inequality in prevalence of type 2 diabetes among adults in north-west of Iran: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition
Farhad Pourfarzi, Satar Rezaei, Reza Malekzadeh, Arash Etemadi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2022; 21(2): 1519. CrossRef
Assessing unmet health-care needs of the elderly in west of Iran: A case study
Bakhtiar Piroozi, Farman Zahir Abdullah, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Hossein Safari, Mohammad Amerzadeh, Satar Rezaei, Ghobad Moradi, Masoumeh Ansari, Abdorrahim Afkhamzadeh, Jamshid Gholami
International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2021; 14(5): 452. CrossRef
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Mohammad Hossein Mehrolhassani, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Marzieh Lashkari
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Analysis of the Health Sector Evolution Plan from the perspective of equity in healthcare financing: a multiple streams model
Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Pouran Raeissi, Mehdi Jafari-Sirizi
International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2019; 12(2): 124. CrossRef
The effect of Iranian health system reform plan on payments and costs of coronary artery bypass surgery in private hospitals of Iran
Rasoul Tabari-Khomeiran, Sajad Delavari, Satar Rezaei, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Mostafa Shahmoradi
International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2019; 12(3): 208. CrossRef
Explaining the challenges of academic professional ethics training from the perspective of faculty members at Ardabil University of Medical Sciences: a qualitative study
Shahram Habibzadeh, Hamed Zandian, Hasan Edalatkhah, Mohammad Mehrtak
International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2019; 12(2): 138. CrossRef
Equity in healthcare financing: a case of Iran
Faride Sadat Jalali, Abdosaleh Jafari, Mohsen Bayati, Peivand Bastani, Ramin Ravangard
International Journal for Equity in Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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